| SUMMARY OF ISSUES, INDICATORS AND
BENCHMARKS FOR DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE SECURITY SECTOR |
| Item |
Goals |
Indicative Targets |
Indicators or Benchmarks |
| 1 |
Rule of Law & Constitutionalism |
- Presence of a democratically agreed
Constitution.
- Bill of Rights guaranteeing equality
of citizens before the law and the liberty of the individuals;
individual and collective freedoms and equality of opportunity
for all
- Independent Institutions of State
- Improvement of law enforcement
mechanisms and criminal justice system
- Independence of the Judicial branch
- Presence of Court of superior jurisdiction
to arbitrate in constitutional matters
|
Imposed or ?People ?owned? constitution
Right to justiciable freedom of expression, information, political
association and fundamental freedoms, economic, social and political
rights
Ombudsperson, Human Rights Comm., Gender Equality Commission; Anti-Corruption
Comm.
National judicial reform, Police reform, Prison improvement
Ensure transparency in process of selection of judicial officers;
improve incentives and remuneration.
Independent Constitutional or Supreme Court The Constitution |
2
|
Political Representation |
- Mode of appointment to legislative
and governmental positions;
- The composition of the political
system
- The competitiveness of the political
system
- Nature of appointment to the executive
branch.
- Independent candidature
- The composition of the national
parliament along party lines
- The composition of local and regional
councils
- The autonomy and independence of
the electoral system
- Independence & Impartiality
of the electoral authority.
|
Is appointment determined by elections
and do the elections give room for alternation of political power
Does it consist of a multiparty democracy comprising of two or more
parties.
Extent of effective competitiveness in the political process;
Role of Legitimacy, competence, national character |
3
|
Personal security and access to justice |
- Strengthening Police Accountability
and Responsiveness;
- Developing Community Awareness
- Improve access to and reduce cost
of ?justice?
- Improving Police-Community Relations
- Improving the prosecution service
and decentralise workload
- Investigate non-traditional forms
of justice reform.
|
? Community Policing Principles
? Demilitarising public order and defining security in broader terms
? Legal Aid and scope of legal clinics for pro-bono cases
? Establishment of Independent Police Services Commission with adequate
powers
? Examine scope for mediation and arbitration in the community |
4
|
National security and conflict prevention |
- Clearly defined and well articulated
vision and mission of security sector organisations24
- Accountability of -organizations,
particularly in the security forces
- Security-sector organizations operate
in accordance with the international law and domestic constitutional
law;
- Information about security-sector
planning and budgeting are widely available, both within government
and to the public, and a comprehensive and disciplined approach
to the management of defence resources is adopted;
- Civil-military relations are based
on a well-articulated hierarchy of authority between civil authorities
and the defence forces, and on a relationship with civil society
that is based on the respect for human rights;
- Civil authorities have the capacity
to exercise political control over the operations and expenditure
of the security forces and civil society has the capacity to monitor
the security forces and provide constructive input to the political
debate;
- An environment exists in which
civil society can be consulted on a regular basis on security
policies, resource allocation, and other relevant issues;
- Security-force personnel are adequately
trained to discharge their duties in a professional manner consistent
with the requirements of democratic societies;
- Fostering an environment supportive
of regional and sub-regional peace and security has a high priority
for policy-makers
|
Defence and Security-sector Review &
White Papers
Accountability both to elected civil authorities and to civil society
Constitutionally defined role of the security structures
Availability of alternative sources of verifiable knowledge information
on the security sector
Extent of dialogue and interaction between the security sector and
civil society
Clearly defined constitutional powers for the Parliament and Executive
Branch ? powers of the purse, powers of deployment and powers of scrutiny
Extent of the professional autonomy granted to security forces
Regional Norms and values |
| 5 |
Open and Accountable Institutions |
- The nature and composition of the
civil service
- Transparency and accountability
in government
- Decentralisation of decision making
structures and the nature of inter-governmental relations
- Media awareness
- Presence and Effectiveness of independent
monitoring agencies
|
Independence of Civil Service
Accountability of Civil Service to elected authorities
Quality Control mechanisms for civil service at all levels
Civil Service Commission?s effectiveness |
| 6 |
Broader Understanding of Security through
Effective and equitable provision
|
- Meeting the 2015 International
Development and Millennium Targets
- Country?s social and economic rights
regime
|
Extent of fulfillment of human security
and human development goals in health, food, environmental security
and poverty reduction |
| 7
|
Facilitative mechanisms for policy formulation
and management |
- Management of national budgetary
process
- Effective Policies for linking
security-sector governance and pro-poor poverty reduction policies.
- The nature and development of policy
process
- Role of civil society
- Private/public partnership arrangements.
|
Extent of inputs into the budgetary process
by all stakeholders, including civil society
Extent of Involvement of a wide array of stakeholders in policy formulation
& management.
Effectiveness of Policy making mechanisms |
8
|
Enhanced International Regime for Democratic
Governance in the Security Sector |
- Regulatory Frameworks for behaviour
of IFIs and Bilateral institutions consistently applied
- Availability of regional frameworks
to which member states? subscribe
- Regulatory Frameworks for non-state
actors ? TNCs etc
|
Level of mutual accountability
Extent of context determined inputs.
Level of corporate responsibility among trans-national entities |